Dunning–Kruger effect

A proposed cognitive bias in which people with low skill in a domain overestimate their competence, partly because they lack the skill to recognize their errors.

Metacognition: The monitoring and regulation of one’s own cognitive processes. The effect concerns gaps between actual performance and judgments about that performance.
David Dunning: An American social psychologist known for research on judgment, self-knowledge, and competence. He co-authored the studies that introduced the effect.
Humor judgment study: An experiment in which participants rated their ability to recognize humorous material against performance measures. Humor was one of the domains in the original 1999 study.
Kruger–Dunning effect statistical critique: A family of statistical arguments that regression, measurement error, and bounded scores can generate the observed pattern. These critiques challenge whether the original graph uniquely demonstrates metacognitive blindness.
Calibration (statistics): The agreement between stated confidence and the accuracy of outcomes or predictions. Overconfidence is a calibration failure between perceived and measured competence.
Justin Kruger: An American social psychologist whose research includes self-judgment and decision-making. He co-authored the 1999 paper that gave the effect its name.
Logical reasoning: The ability to draw valid conclusions from premises using rules of inference. Performance on logic questions formed one of the original tests of self-evaluation.
Better-than-average effect: The tendency for people to rate themselves above average on desirable traits or abilities. It concerns broad favorable self-comparison, not specifically low skill and error recognition.
Illusion of explanatory depth: The tendency to overestimate how well one understands how complex things work. It illustrates how confidence can exceed demonstrable understanding.
Unskilled and Unaware of It: A 1999 study by Justin Kruger and David Dunning on skill, self-evaluation, and metacognitive limits. This paper reported the foundational experiments in humor, grammar, and logic.

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