Dutch elm disease

Dutch elm disease is a lethal vascular disease of elm trees caused by fungi in the genus Ophiostoma. Bark beetles spread the fungi between trees.

Ophiostoma: A genus of fungi that includes the principal pathogens causing Dutch elm disease. Its fungal species colonize elm vascular tissue and cause the disease.
Johanna Westerdijk: A Dutch plant pathologist who directed research on the fungus associated with Dutch elm disease. Her laboratory identified and studied the pathogen behind the Dutch outbreak.
Dutch elm disease management: Practices that prevent or limit Dutch elm disease through sanitation, monitoring, protection, and resistant trees. These measures target the disease's fungal reservoirs and transmission routes.
Urban forestry: The planning and care of trees and other vegetation in cities and towns. Mass elm mortality reshaped city tree populations and urban planting practice.
Elm bark beetle: A beetle in the genus Scolytus that breeds in elm bark and can carry Dutch elm disease fungi. Adults transport fungal spores between elms while feeding or breeding.
Dutch elm disease in the Netherlands: The early twentieth-century outbreak of elm disease documented in the Netherlands. The outbreak gave the disease its common name.
Sanitation felling: The removal and destruction of diseased or breeding-host trees to reduce pest or pathogen spread. Removing infected elms can reduce beetle breeding sites and fungal sources.
American elm decline: The major twentieth-century loss of American elm trees caused chiefly by Dutch elm disease. The disease removed a once-dominant species from many North American streets.
Xylem: The plant vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots toward shoots. Fungal growth and the tree's responses obstruct water movement through this tissue.
Dutch elm disease in the United States: The epidemic that killed millions of American elms after the pathogen arrived in North America. Its rapid spread made the disease a defining urban tree epidemic.

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