Dzongkha

Dzongkha is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken chiefly in Bhutan, where it is the official national language. It is written in Tibetan script and has several regional varieties.

Tibetic languages: A group of languages descended from Old Tibetan and spoken across the Tibetan Plateau and neighboring regions. Dzongkha belongs to this group, though its classification within it is debated.
Language policy in Bhutan: The laws and institutional practices governing language use in Bhutan. Policy determines where Dzongkha is required and how it is promoted.
Classical Tibetan: The historical literary language used across Tibet and the Himalayas for religious and scholarly writing. Its texts and vocabulary strongly shaped Dzongkha’s written tradition.
Lhasa Tibetan: The Tibetan variety spoken in and around Lhasa, Tibet, and a major spoken form of Central Tibetan. It is a prominent Tibetic language often compared with Dzongkha.
Tibetan script: An Indic-derived writing system used for Tibetan and several related languages. Dzongkha is conventionally written in this script.
Education in Bhutan: The system of formal schooling in Bhutan, operating in a multilingual society. Dzongkha is taught and used in schools alongside other languages.
Old Tibetan: The earliest documented form of Tibetan, preserved in manuscripts and inscriptions from the Tibetan Empire. It is an ancestor within the historical lineage of Dzongkha’s language group.
Sikkimese: A Tibetic language spoken chiefly in the Indian state of Sikkim. Its geographic proximity can obscure its distinct identity and relationship to Dzongkha.
Tibetan grammar: The grammatical structures shared by Tibetan and related languages, including patterns of evidentiality and verb agreement. These structures provide useful context for Dzongkha’s grammar.
National Assembly of Bhutan: The lower house of Bhutan’s bicameral Parliament. Dzongkha is used in national institutions, including parliamentary proceedings.

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