Dzungar genocide

The Qing dynasty’s conquest of Dzungaria in the 1750s destroyed the Dzungar polity and killed much of its population through warfare, massacre, disease, and displacement.

Qing conquest of Dzungaria: The Qing dynasty’s campaigns that dismantled Dzungar rule in Central Asia during the 1750s. The conquest supplied the military setting for the destruction of Dzungar communities.
Dzungar Khanate: A powerful Oirat Mongol state in Central Asia that existed from the seventeenth century until Qing conquest. Its collapse made the destruction of the Dzungar people possible.
Ili Valley: A fertile Central Asian valley in present-day Xinjiang and Kazakhstan, formerly a core Dzungar territory. Qing settlement and administration transformed this former Dzungar heartland after the conquest.
Dzungar population estimates: Historical estimates of the Dzungar population before and after the Qing conquest. Conflicting figures shape claims about the scale and proportion of deaths.
Qing dynasty: China’s last imperial dynasty, ruled by Manchu emperors from 1636 to 1912. Qing imperial power directed the campaigns and policies that devastated the Dzungars.
Galdan Tseren: A ruler of the Dzungar Khanate from 1727 to 1745 who strengthened its power. His death left a succession struggle that weakened Dzungar unity before the final Qing campaigns.
Xinjiang: An autonomous region of northwest China encompassing much of the former Dzungar territory. Qing victory incorporated Dzungaria into the imperial frontier that became modern Xinjiang.
Genocide studies: The interdisciplinary study of genocide, including its causes, processes, and classification. Its definitions and methods inform debate over how to classify the Dzungar destruction.
Amursana: A Dzungar prince who rebelled against Qing rule and sought to become khan of the Dzungars. His rebellion triggered a renewed Qing invasion and intensified the campaign against Dzungar resistance.
Qing-Dzungar Wars: A series of conflicts between the Qing dynasty and the Dzungar Khanate from the late seventeenth to mid-eighteenth centuries. The final conquest emerged from this long rivalry over Central Asian power.

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Ten Great CampaignsRelated: The conquest's human cost complicates celebratory accounts of imperial victory.