Early Permian

The first epoch of the Permian Period, lasting from about 299 to 273 million years ago. It includes the Asselian, Sakmarian, Artinskian, and Kungurian ages.

Permian: A geologic period lasting from about 299 to 252 million years ago, between the Carboniferous and Triassic periods. The Early Permian is the opening epoch of this larger period.
Pangaea: A supercontinent that assembled during the late Paleozoic and began breaking apart in the Mesozoic. Its vast interior and geography influenced Early Permian environments.
Cisuralian: The formal series of Permian rocks corresponding to the Early Permian epoch. It is the chronostratigraphic counterpart used to describe Early Permian rock layers.
Carboniferous rainforest collapse: A late Carboniferous episode of rainforest fragmentation and ecological turnover associated with climate change. Its aftermath influenced the environments inherited by Early Permian ecosystems.
Asselian: The earliest age of the Permian Period, lasting from about 299 to 293 million years ago. It begins the Early Permian sequence of four ages.
Permian climate: The changing climate system of the Permian Period, including arid interiors and major glacial episodes. Early Permian landscapes were shaped by post-glacial climate change.
Wolfcampian: A North American regional series of Permian strata, especially recognized in the southwestern United States. Its strata preserve extensive records from Early Permian environments.
Synapsid: A major lineage of amniotes that includes mammals and their extinct relatives. Synapsids diversified in terrestrial ecosystems during the Early Permian.
Sakmarian: A Permian age following the Asselian, lasting from about 293 to vis5 million years ago. It follows the Asselian within the epoch.
Late Paleozoic ice age: A prolonged interval of glaciation and climate fluctuation spanning parts of the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Its waning glaciation affected sea levels and climate during this epoch.

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