Eco-socialism

Eco-socialism combines socialist critiques of capitalism with ecological principles, advocating democratic, socially just economies that operate within environmental limits.

Socialism: A political tradition advocating social or collective control over key economic resources and greater economic equality. Eco-socialism develops its critique of ownership and class from socialist traditions.
William Morris: An English artist, designer, and socialist writer whose work criticized industrial capitalism and imagined cooperative life. His nineteenth-century writing linked socialist transformation with a critique of industrial destruction.
Metabolic rift: A disruption in the exchange of materials between human societies and nature under particular forms of production. Eco-socialists use this idea to explain how capitalist agriculture can deplete soils and disrupt nutrient cycles.
Eco-capitalism: An approach seeking to address environmental problems while retaining capitalist ownership, markets, and profit-driven investment. It proposes ecological reform without the structural change eco-socialists seek.
Public ownership: Ownership of assets by the state or another public body on behalf of a population. It is one possible means of placing energy and infrastructure under social control.
Ecology: The study of relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environments. Ecological interdependence grounds eco-socialist limits on production and resource use.
Marxism: A tradition of social and economic analysis derived from Karl Marx, centered on class conflict and historical change. Eco-socialists draw on Marxist critiques while debating how Marx understood nature and production.
Ecological overshoot: The condition in which human demand on ecosystems exceeds their capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. It describes the ecological constraint that eco-socialist economies would need to respect.
Green liberalism: A political approach combining liberal institutions and individual rights with environmental protection and sustainability policies. It generally pursues ecological reform within liberal capitalism rather than socialist transformation.
Participatory democracy: A form of governance that gives people direct involvement in decisions affecting their lives. Eco-socialist planning depends on participation to make economic choices democratically accountable.

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