Egyptian mathematics

Egyptian mathematics comprised the arithmetic, measurement, and problem-solving practices used in ancient Egypt, known chiefly from scribal texts such as the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.

Egyptian numerals: A decimal, additive numeral system that used distinct symbols for powers of ten. Its symbols encoded numbers without place value, shaping how scribes performed arithmetic.
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: A second-millennium BCE Egyptian mathematical manuscript copied by the scribe Ahmes. Its eighty-four problems are the principal source for many known Egyptian methods.
Egyptian multiplication: A multiplication algorithm based on doubling and adding selected multiples. It is the core calculation procedure described in many Egyptian arithmetic examples.
Ancient Egyptian scribes: Literate specialists who produced and maintained written records in ancient Egypt. Scribal training and administration were the settings in which mathematical procedures were transmitted.
Babylonian mathematics: The mathematical practices of ancient Mesopotamia, known from cuneiform tablets and characterized by sexagesimal place-value calculation. Its place-value system contrasts with Egypt's additive numerals and unit-fraction conventions.
Egyptian fractions: Fractions expressed as sums of distinct unit fractions, usually with a separate symbol for two-thirds. Scribes commonly decomposed non-unit fractions into this form.
Moscow Mathematical Papyrus: An ancient Egyptian mathematical manuscript containing twenty-five problems, including a formula for a truncated pyramid's volume. Its pyramid-volume problem demonstrates practical geometry beyond the Rhind papyrus.
Egyptian unit-fraction tables: Tables that express fractions of the form 2/n as sums of distinct unit fractions. The Rhind papyrus begins with such decompositions, which supported later fraction calculations.
Middle Kingdom of Egypt: A period of ancient Egyptian history conventionally dated to about 2055–1650 BCE. Several major mathematical manuscripts preserve traditions associated with this era.
Greek mathematics: Mathematical traditions of the ancient Greek world, including deductive geometry and numerical computation. Greek texts often organized mathematics as proof, unlike the problem-centered Egyptian papyri.

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