Elastic modulus

Elastic modulus measures a material’s resistance to elastic deformation by relating stress to strain. Its value depends on the deformation mode and, in some materials, the direction of loading.

Stress (mechanics): Stress is force transmitted per unit area within a material. Elastic modulus uses stress as the applied load per area.
Young's modulus: Young's modulus is the ratio of tensile or compressive stress to longitudinal strain in the linear elastic range. It is the modulus for lengthwise deformation, the common engineering case.
Flexural modulus: Flexural modulus is a measure of stiffness inferred from a material's response to bending. Bending tests yield a practical stiffness measure for beams and molded materials.
Strength of materials: Strength of materials concerns stresses and loads that cause yielding or failure. Strength measures load capacity, whereas modulus measures elastic stiffness.
Strain (mechanics): Strain is the relative deformation of a material, such as change in length divided by original length. It is the deformation quantity paired with stress in a modulus.
Shear modulus: Shear modulus is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain in the linear elastic range. It quantifies resistance to shape change under tangential loading.
Dynamic mechanical analysis: Dynamic mechanical analysis measures a material's response to oscillating mechanical loads across frequency or temperature. It measures storage and loss moduli in time-dependent materials.
Hardness: Hardness is resistance to localized indentation, scratching, or wear. A hard material is not necessarily proportionally stiff.
Hooke's law: Hooke's law states that deformation is proportional to applied force or stress within an elastic range. It describes the linear regime in which modulus is commonly defined.
Bulk modulus: Bulk modulus is the ratio of pressure change to fractional volume change under uniform compression. It quantifies resistance to volume change rather than length or shape change.

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