Eleatic school

The Eleatic school was an ancient Greek philosophical tradition associated with the claim that genuine being is one and unchanging. Its arguments challenged the reality of plurality, motion, and change.

Being: Being is the condition or fact of existing, examined as a fundamental philosophical question. Eleatic arguments make being, rather than ordinary experience, the test of reality.
Parmenides' poem: A surviving fragmentary hexameter poem in which Parmenides presents a path of truth and an account of appearances. It is the primary source for the school’s best-known arguments and cosmology.
Parmenides: A Greek philosopher from Elea whose poem argues that what-is is ungenerated, imperishable, and unchanging. He is the school’s foundational thinker and principal source for its doctrine of being.
Empedocles: A fifth-century BCE Greek philosopher who explained change through mixtures of four eternal roots and two forces. His theory preserves unchanging ingredients while accounting for apparent generation and destruction.
Parmenides' cosmology: The account of the cosmos in Parmenides’ poem, presenting an ordered world of appearances alongside its argument about being. Scholars debate how his cosmology relates to the poem’s path of truth.
Nonbeing: Nonbeing is the absence or negation of being, often treated as a problem for thought and language. Parmenides argues that what is not cannot be thought or spoken of.
Zeno's paradoxes: Arguments attributed to Zeno that expose difficulties in ordinary accounts of motion and plurality. Zeno defends Eleatic claims by deriving contradictions from motion and multiplicity.
Zeno of Elea: A Greek philosopher associated with paradoxes that challenge motion and plurality. His paradoxes are the school’s most influential defense of Parmenides.
Anaxagoras: A Greek philosopher who held that everything contains portions of everything and that Nous initiates cosmic rotation. He addressed change without treating things as arising from absolute nonbeing.
Eleatic Stranger: A philosophical speaker in Plato’s Sophist, identified as coming from Elea and associated with Parmenides’ tradition. His dialogue revises Eleatic prohibitions on speaking about nonbeing.

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