Electroanalytical methods

Electroanalytical methods determine chemical composition or concentration by measuring electrical properties such as potential, current, charge, or conductivity.

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Potentiometry: An electroanalytical method that measures electrode potential under conditions of negligible current. It infers ion activity from voltage, as in pH measurement.
Electrode: An electrical conductor through which charge enters or leaves an electrochemical system. Electrodes provide the interfaces where analytical signals are generated or measured.
pH meter: An instrument that measures the acidity of a solution, usually with a glass electrode and reference electrode. It is a familiar potentiometric instrument for estimating hydrogen-ion activity.
Spectroscopy: The study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a means of identifying or measuring substances. It typically derives composition from optical or other radiation signals rather than electrical measurements.
Voltammetry: An electroanalytical method that measures current while an electrode potential is varied. Its current–potential curves reveal redox behavior and analyte concentration.
Working electrode: The electrode at which the electrochemical process of interest is measured or driven. Its surface is where analyte reactions produce many electroanalytical signals.
Ion-selective electrode: An electrode whose potential responds selectively to the activity of a particular ion. It enables direct potentiometric measurement of ions in solution.
Chromatography: A family of separation methods that resolve mixture components through differential movement between phases. It separates mixture components before detection, whereas electroanalysis often measures them in place.
Amperometry: An electroanalytical method that measures current at a controlled electrode potential. A fixed potential can make current track the concentration of an electroactive species.
Reference electrode: An electrode with a stable, known potential used as a voltage reference. Its stable potential makes working-electrode potentials interpretable and comparable.