Electrochemical potential

Electrochemical potential is the change in free energy associated with adding a charged particle to a system. It combines chemical potential with the particle’s electrical potential energy.

Electric potential: Electric potential energy per unit charge at a position in an electric field. Multiplying it by particle charge gives the electrical contribution.
Gibbs free energy: A thermodynamic potential that determines equilibrium and useful work at constant temperature and pressure. Electrochemical potential is defined through changes in free energy.
Membrane potential: The voltage difference between the inside and outside of a biological membrane. Ion electrochemical potentials help determine the membrane voltage and ion fluxes.
Gravitational potential: Gravitational potential energy per unit mass at a location in a gravitational field. It describes mechanical transport rather than charged-particle transport.
Nernst–Planck equation: A transport equation describing ionic flux driven by concentration gradients and electric fields. It expresses transport under gradients in electrochemical potential.
Partial molar quantity: A change in an extensive thermodynamic property per mole of one component added to a mixture. Chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy.
Equilibrium potential: The membrane voltage at which an ion’s electrical and concentration forces balance. It marks zero net transport for a particular ion.
Diffusion potential: An electric potential difference generated when ions diffuse at different rates. It is a voltage arising during transport, not the full thermodynamic potential.
Donnan equilibrium: The unequal distribution of diffusible ions across a membrane containing impermeant charged particles at equilibrium. Its ion distributions balance chemical and electrical contributions across a membrane.
Elementary charge: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a proton or by an electron. Particle charge sets the size and sign of the electrical term.

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