Electrophile

An electrophile is a chemical species that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond. It commonly reacts with a nucleophile, which supplies the pair.

Nucleophile: A chemical species that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond. It supplies the electron pair an electrophile accepts.
Electron pair: Two electrons occupying the same atomic or molecular orbital. Electrophilic bond formation involves accepting a pair of electrons.
Friedel–Crafts reaction: An electrophilic aromatic substitution that adds an alkyl or acyl group to an aromatic ring. Lewis acids generate or strengthen the electrophile that attacks the ring.
Nucleophilic substitution: A reaction in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group at an electrophilic atom. It describes a reaction pattern in which nucleophilic attack targets an electrophilic center.
Lewis acid: A species that accepts an electron pair in forming a coordinate covalent bond. Electrophiles are Lewis acids when they accept electron pairs during bond formation.
Formal charge: A bookkeeping charge assigned to an atom by comparing its valence electrons with its assigned electrons in a structure. Positive formal charge often signals electron deficiency, though neutral electrophiles also exist.
Halogenation of alkenes: Addition of a halogen across an alkene double bond, commonly through a three-membered halonium ion. The halogen reagent acts as an electrophile at the alkene's electron-rich pi bond.
Radical: An atom, molecule, or ion containing an unpaired electron. Radicals react through single-electron processes, unlike electrophiles defined by accepting an electron pair.
Electrophilic addition: A reaction in which an electrophile adds to a multiple bond, followed by another bonding step. This reaction class shows electrophiles attacking electron-rich double or triple bonds.
Electronegativity: A measure of an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. Electronegativity differences create polarized bonds with electrophilic sites.

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