Electrostatic force

Electrostatic force is the attraction or repulsion between electric charges at rest relative to one another. Its magnitude and direction are described by Coulomb’s law.

Coulomb's law: A law giving the magnitude of the force between two point charges as proportional to their product and inversely proportional to their squared separation. It quantifies the force between charges and specifies how distance changes its strength.
Conservation of charge: The principle that the total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant. Electrostatic interactions redistribute charge without creating or destroying net charge.
Static electricity: An imbalance of electric charge on or within a material that is not flowing as an electric current. It is the everyday setting in which accumulated charges produce noticeable attraction and repulsion.
Magnetic force: A force on moving electric charges and magnetic materials due to a magnetic field. Unlike electrostatic force, it depends on charge motion or magnetic properties.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb: A French physicist whose experiments established the inverse-square dependence of electric force. His measurements gave the force its quantitative law.
Electric field: A vector field giving the electric force per unit positive test charge at each point in space. It describes how a charge creates a spatial pattern that exerts force on other charges.
Elementary charge: The magnitude of the electric charge carried by a proton or an electron. It is the basic charge unit underlying the charges that generate electrostatic forces.
Electrostatic precipitator: A device that removes particles from a gas by electrically charging them and collecting them on oppositely charged surfaces. It uses electrostatic attraction to capture pollution particles from exhaust streams.
Lorentz force: The combined force exerted by electric and magnetic fields on a charged particle. It generalizes the electric-force description to include magnetic effects.
Coulomb torsion balance: An instrument that measures small forces through the twisting of a suspended fiber. Coulomb used it to measure forces between charged bodies.

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