Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II was queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 1952 until her death in 2022, the longest-reigning British monarch.

George VI: George VI was king of the United Kingdom from 1936 until his death in 1952 and Elizabeth II’s father. His death made Elizabeth queen while she was visiting Kenya.
Constitutional monarchy: A constitutional monarchy is a system in which a monarch’s powers are limited by law and political institutions. It defines the formal limits of Elizabeth’s authority.
Decolonization: Decolonization is the process by which colonies gain independence from imperial powers. Many states became independent during Elizabeth’s reign, transforming the Crown’s global reach.
Royal Christmas Message: The Royal Christmas Message is an annual broadcast in which the British monarch addresses the public at Christmas. Elizabeth used the broadcast to speak directly to people across generations.
Edward VIII: Edward VIII was king of the United Kingdom in 1936 before abdicating to marry Wallis Simpson. His abdication placed Elizabeth’s father on the throne and made her heir.
Royal assent: Royal assent is the monarch’s formal approval that completes the passage of a bill into law. Elizabeth granted assent as a constitutional formality, acting on ministerial advice.
Commonwealth of Nations: The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent countries, most of which were formerly part of the British Empire. Elizabeth served as its head, a symbolic role distinct from her authority in each realm.
Commonwealth Games: The Commonwealth Games are a multi-sport event held every four years for athletes from Commonwealth countries and territories. Elizabeth’s ceremonial presence linked the sporting event with the Commonwealth she represented.
Accession of Elizabeth II: Elizabeth II became queen on 6 February 1952, when George VI died. This event marks the start of her reign.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom: The Privy Council of the United Kingdom is a formal advisory body to the sovereign, including senior politicians and other members. Its meetings connected the monarch to formal state decisions.

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