Emil Fischer

Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) was a German chemist whose research on sugars, purines, and proteins helped establish structural organic chemistry. He received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Carbohydrate: A biological molecule made of sugars or their derivatives, including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. His work established structures and relationships among many sugars.
Fischer projection: A two-dimensional notation for showing the configuration of a molecule with stereocenters. He introduced this notation to represent the configurations of sugars.
Arthur Speier: An Austrian chemist who collaborated with Emil Fischer on esterification reactions. Their joint work produced the Fischer–Speier esterification.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry: An annual international award recognizing outstanding achievements in chemistry. Fischer received the 1902 prize for work on sugar synthesis and purine compounds.
Purine synthesis: The chemical preparation of purine or purine-derived compounds from simpler substances. His synthesis of purines clarified their structures and earned recognition in 1902.
Purine: A nitrogen-containing aromatic compound whose derivatives include adenine and guanine. He identified purine as the parent structure of important biological compounds.
Fischer glycosidation: An acid-catalyzed reaction that converts a sugar’s anomeric hydroxyl group into a glycoside. This named reaction arose from his investigations of sugar chemistry.
Hermann von Fehling: A German chemist known for developing a test that detects reducing sugars. The Fehling test helped distinguish and analyze sugars in Fischer’s field.
Fischer–Tropsch process: A catalytic process that converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. Despite its name, this industrial process was developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch, not Emil Fischer.
Phenylhydrazine: An aromatic hydrazine used in chemical analysis and organic synthesis. Fischer used it to identify sugars through characteristic crystalline derivatives.

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