Equality of outcome

Equality of outcome is the goal of reducing or eliminating differences in the results people achieve or receive, such as income, health, or educational attainment.

Equality of opportunity: The principle that people should have fair chances to pursue goals, regardless of their backgrounds. It targets fair starting chances rather than similar results.
Income redistribution: The transfer of income among people or groups through taxes, benefits, and public services. It narrows differences in disposable income and material resources.
Income inequality: The unequal distribution of income among individuals or groups in a population. It is a common outcome gap that equality-oriented policies seek to reduce.
John Rawls: An American political philosopher whose theory of justice centers on equal basic liberties and fair institutions. His difference principle permits inequalities only when they benefit the least advantaged.
Luck egalitarianism: A family of theories holding that justice should offset disadvantages caused by brute luck, but not all chosen risks. It distinguishes outcome gaps caused by circumstance from those attributed to choice.
Equality before the law: The principle that laws should apply equally to everyone and protect people without discrimination. It concerns legal treatment, not the distribution of results.
Progressive taxation: A tax system in which higher incomes face higher tax rates. It can reduce post-tax income inequality.
Wealth inequality: The unequal distribution of assets and debts among individuals or households. Wealth differences persist across generations and shape later results.
Robert Nozick: An American philosopher who defended individual rights and a historical entitlement theory of justice. His account rejects patterned distributions imposed to maintain equal outcomes.
Leveling down objection: The objection that making everyone equally worse off can achieve equality without improving anyone's life. It tests whether equal outcomes matter independently of people's absolute well-being.

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