Eric Allin Cornell

Eric Allin Cornell is an American physicist who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for achieving Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases.

Carl Wieman: Carl Wieman is an American physicist who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for producing a Bose–Einstein condensate in dilute atomic gas. Wieman and Cornell led the JILA team that first produced the condensate.
Bose–Einstein condensation: Bose–Einstein condensation is the formation of a macroscopic quantum state when bosons occupy the same lowest-energy state. It is the phenomenon Cornell and Wieman first achieved in a dilute atomic gas.
Satyendra Nath Bose: Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist whose statistical treatment of photons helped establish Bose–Einstein statistics. His work supplied the statistical foundation for the condensate Cornell later realized.
Atom interferometry: Atom interferometry uses matter-wave interference to measure quantities such as acceleration, rotation, and gravitational fields. Ultracold coherent atoms from condensate research support sensitive matter-wave measurements.
Wolfgang Ketterle: Wolfgang Ketterle is a German physicist who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on Bose–Einstein condensation. Ketterle independently produced condensates soon after Cornell and Wieman’s landmark result.
Laser cooling: Laser cooling uses light–atom interactions to reduce the motion and temperature of atoms. Laser cooling supplied cold atoms for the later evaporative-cooling stage.
Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed relativity and made foundational contributions to quantum theory. Einstein predicted the condensation of an ideal boson gas using Bose’s statistics.
Optical lattice: An optical lattice is a periodic potential for atoms formed by interfering laser beams. Condensates placed in optical lattices enable controlled studies of quantum many-body physics.
JILA: JILA is a research institute jointly operated by the University of Colorado Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Cornell conducted the Nobel-winning experiments at this institute.
Magneto-optical trap: A magneto-optical trap uses laser light and a magnetic-field gradient to confine and cool neutral atoms. It provided an initial reservoir of cold rubidium atoms for Cornell’s experiment.

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