Eric Kandel

Eric Kandel is an Austrian-American neuroscientist whose research on the cellular and molecular basis of learning and memory earned the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

James Schwartz: James Schwartz was an American neuroscientist who studied the biochemical basis of memory with Eric Kandel. Their collaboration linked synaptic changes in sea slugs to the production of proteins.
Aplysia: Aplysia is a genus of marine sea slugs widely used in neuroscience because its nervous system has large, identifiable neurons. Its simple, accessible circuits let Kandel trace learning-related changes in individual synapses.
Vienna: Vienna is the capital of Austria and a major European cultural and intellectual center. Kandel was born there in 1929 and later drew on childhood memories in writing about his life.
Memory consolidation: Memory consolidation is the process by which newly formed memories become more stable over time. Kandel’s distinction between short- and long-term synaptic changes offered a cellular account of stabilization.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is an annual international award for discoveries in life science or medicine. Kandel shared the 2000 prize for discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
Ladislav Tauc: Ladislav Tauc was a neurophysiologist who pioneered electrophysiological studies of the marine mollusk Aplysia. Tauc’s preparation and methods helped make Aplysia a workable model for Kandel’s research.
Habituation: Habituation is a decline in response to a repeated, harmless stimulus. Kandel studied its short-term form in Aplysia as a basic case of learning.
Anschluss: The Anschluss was Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria in March 1938. The annexation preceded the antisemitic persecution that forced Kandel’s family to leave Vienna.
Molecular psychiatry: Molecular psychiatry studies how genes, proteins, and cellular pathways contribute to mental disorders and treatment. Kandel argued that molecular neuroscience could clarify psychiatric illness and inform its treatment.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute is a nonprofit organization that supports biomedical research and science education. Kandel’s long association with the institute supported research on memory and neural signaling.

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