Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist who proposed eight stages of psychosocial development and popularized the concept of identity crisis.

Psychosocial development: Development shaped by interactions between psychological processes and social environments. Erikson made psychosocial development the organizing principle of his lifespan theory.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development: An eight-stage account of development, from infancy through old age, organized around psychosocial conflicts. This is Erikson’s best-known framework for explaining personality development across life.
Anna Freud: An Austrian-British psychoanalyst who advanced child analysis and ego psychology. Erikson trained in Anna Freud’s Vienna child-analysis program.
Identity crisis: A period of uncertainty in which a person questions or reorganizes their sense of identity. Erikson brought this phrase into wide use through his account of adolescent development.
Jean Piaget: A Swiss psychologist known for a stage theory of cognitive development in children. Piaget organized development around changes in reasoning rather than Erikson’s social crises.
Psychoanalysis: A theory and therapeutic tradition that studies unconscious processes and their influence on behavior. Erikson adapted psychoanalytic ideas while giving social experience a larger role.
Trust versus mistrust: The first Eriksonian crisis, in which infants develop expectations about whether caregivers and the world are dependable. Erikson placed this conflict at the beginning of development.
Sigmund Freud: An Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis and proposed theories of unconscious conflict and psychosexual development. Erikson revised Freud’s developmental framework into a psychosocial theory.
Child development: The physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from birth through adolescence. Erikson’s early stages offered a framework for interpreting children’s social and emotional development.
Lawrence Kohlberg: An American psychologist who proposed stages of moral reasoning, drawing partly on Piaget’s work. Kohlberg’s sequence of moral reasoning offers a stage theory with a narrower developmental focus.

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