Errico Malatesta

Errico Malatesta (1853–1932) was an Italian anarchist, revolutionary, and journalist who helped shape anarchist movements through organizing, political writing, and decades of activism.

Mikhail Bakunin: A Russian revolutionary anarchist who helped organize the First International and influenced European anarchist movements. Malatesta encountered Bakunin’s ideas through the Italian anarchist movement and joined its revolutionary current.
Propaganda of the deed: A strategy that uses exemplary acts of violence or rebellion to inspire wider political action. Malatesta rejected individual terrorist attacks as a substitute for organized popular movements.
Italian unification: The nineteenth-century political process that united most of the Italian peninsula into one kingdom by 1870. Malatesta came of age amid the new kingdom’s political exclusions and unresolved social conflicts.
Anarchist press: Newspapers and periodicals published by anarchist movements to circulate ideas, report events, and coordinate activity. Malatesta edited and contributed to publications that sustained debate across borders and periods of exile.
Herzegovina uprising: An 1875–1877 revolt against Ottoman rule in Herzegovina that became part of the Eastern Crisis. Malatesta joined an internationalist expedition connected to the uprising early in his revolutionary career.
Peter Kropotkin: A Russian anarchist theorist who defended mutual aid and decentralized communism. Kropotkin shared Malatesta’s anarchist aims but gave mutual aid and communism a more systematic theoretical treatment.
Anarchist communism: An anarchist doctrine advocating the abolition of state and private property, with distribution according to need. This was Malatesta’s preferred social arrangement, grounded in collective ownership and voluntary association.
Anarchist International: A loose transnational network of anarchist organizations and activists that developed after divisions in the First International. Malatesta helped build international links through congresses, journalism, and organizing across borders.
Umanità Nova: An Italian anarchist newspaper founded in 1920 and associated with Errico Malatesta. Malatesta helped found and edit this paper during a period of intense labor unrest.
Benevento uprising: An 1877 anarchist insurrection in southern Italy led by Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero, and their comrades. The brief campaign attempted to ignite a wider revolt by proclaiming local social revolution.

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