Ethics

Ethics is the principles and reasoning used to judge conduct as right or wrong and to guide how people, groups, and professions should act.

Morality: The beliefs and practices through which people distinguish right from wrong. Ethics examines and organizes the moral beliefs that guide conduct.
Consequentialism: The family of moral theories that evaluates actions by their consequences. It judges conduct by the outcomes an ethical choice produces.
Professional Ethics: Standards governing conduct within a profession and its responsibilities to others. Professions translate shared ethical commitments into role-specific obligations.
Ethical Relativism: The view that moral judgments or standards depend on cultural or individual frameworks. It challenges whether ethical principles can apply across differing moral frameworks.
Human Rights: Rights held by people by virtue of being human, often expressed in law and political principles. Ethical claims about dignity and equality inform arguments for universal rights.
Moral Reasoning: The process of using reasons to judge what actions or principles are morally justified. Ethical judgments depend on reasoning about duties, outcomes, and values.
Deontology: The family of moral theories that emphasizes duties, rules, and constraints on action. It explains why some acts may be wrong regardless of their results.
Medical Ethics: Ethical principles and reasoning applied to medicine and health care. Clinical decisions test how respect, welfare, and fairness guide practice.
Moral Universalism: The view that at least some moral standards apply to all people. It contrasts with accounts that make principles relative to particular groups.
Social Contract: A theory that explains political authority through agreement, consent, or mutual justification. It connects shared standards of conduct to legitimate social cooperation.

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