Étienne-Jules Marey

Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904) was a French physiologist and inventor who used chronophotography and recording instruments to analyze movement in humans, animals, and machines.

Chronophotography: A photographic method that records successive phases of movement in a single image or sequence. Marey developed it to make motion’s phases visible for scientific analysis.
Human locomotion: The study of how the human body moves during actions such as walking and running. Marey used photographic records to analyze the mechanics of walking and other movements.
Bird flight: The movement of birds through the air, produced by interacting wing motions and aerodynamic forces. Marey used chronophotography to analyze wingbeats and the mechanics of flight.
Motion picture: A sequence of images that creates the impression of continuous movement when shown rapidly. Marey’s successive photographic records helped establish the technical and scientific study of moving images.
Photographic gun: A camera designed by Marey to capture twelve successive images per second on a rotating glass plate. It adapted a compact, rapid-fire mechanism to photograph birds in flight.
Animal locomotion: The study of how animals move, including the forces and sequences involved in their movement. Marey made animal movement a central subject of his experimental photography.
Gait analysis: The systematic measurement of walking or running patterns and the forces that produce them. His photographic studies helped make human gait an object of measurable experimental analysis.
Kinetoscope: An early motion-picture viewing device that displayed a moving image sequence to one person at a time. Unlike Marey’s instruments for recording motion, Edison’s Kinetoscope was designed for viewing it.
Sphygmograph: An instrument that records the pulse as a graphical trace. Marey used graphic instruments to turn bodily rhythms into records, before his photographic studies.
Eadweard Muybridge: An English photographer known for sequential photographs that revealed phases of animal and human movement. Muybridge and Marey pursued related motion studies with different photographic methods.

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