Eukaryotic cell

A cell whose DNA is enclosed within a nucleus and whose internal functions are organized by membrane-bound compartments. Eukaryotic cells make up animals, plants, fungi, and many single-celled organisms.

Cell nucleus: A membrane-enclosed compartment that houses most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA. It distinguishes eukaryotic genetic organization from DNA in the cytoplasm.
Vesicular transport: The movement of materials between cellular compartments in membrane-bound vesicles. It enables exchange between organelles that remain separate compartments.
Endosymbiotic theory: The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria living inside ancestral cells. It explains the bacterial ancestry of key eukaryotic organelles.
Prokaryotic cell: A cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including bacteria and archaea. Its DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus, unlike eukaryotic DNA.
Mitochondrion: An organelle that generates much of a eukaryotic cell’s ATP through cellular respiration. Its energy production supports the cell’s many compartmentalized activities.
Nuclear pore: A protein assembly in the nuclear envelope that controls traffic between nucleus and cytoplasm. It selectively connects the nucleus to the rest of the cell.
Last eukaryotic common ancestor: The most recent ancestral population from which all living eukaryotes descend. Its traits help reconstruct the early organization shared by eukaryotic lineages.
Bacterial cell: A prokaryotic cell belonging to the domain Bacteria. Bacteria lack the nucleus and internal membrane compartments characteristic of eukaryotes.
Endoplasmic reticulum: A membrane network involved in protein synthesis, lipid production, and intracellular transport. It connects protein and membrane production to the cell’s internal organization.
Gene expression: The process by which information in a gene produces a functional RNA or protein. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in distinct cellular locations.

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