Europe

Europe is a continent and historical-cultural region west of Asia. Its eastern and southeastern boundaries are conventional, reflecting geography, history, and politics.

Continental model: A way of dividing Earth's land into large geographic regions called continents. Europe's status as a continent depends partly on how continents are defined.
Ancient Greece: A collection of Greek-speaking city-states and kingdoms that flourished around the Mediterranean from antiquity onward. Its philosophy and political traditions became enduring parts of European historical memory.
Robert Schuman: A French statesman whose 1950 proposal helped launch European integration in coal and steel. His declaration set out a practical route toward cooperation after wartime conflict.
Peace of Westphalia: The treaties of 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War. The settlement is often associated with the development of state sovereignty in Europe.
Ural Mountains: A mountain range in western Russia that forms part of the conventional boundary between Europe and Asia. They mark the most widely used eastern boundary of geographic Europe.
Roman Empire: A state centered on Rome that ruled territories around the Mediterranean and beyond for centuries. Roman law, roads, and Latin shaped institutions across much of Europe.
Jean Monnet: A French political economist and diplomat who helped design postwar European integration. His incremental approach influenced the institutions built to unite European states.
French Revolution: A political upheaval in France beginning in 1789 that ended the monarchy and reshaped European politics. Its ideas and wars spread new political principles and national movements across Europe.
Caucasus Mountains: A mountain system between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, spanning Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. Different boundary conventions place the Europe–Asia divide along or near this range.
Migration Period: A period of major population movements across Europe, especially from the fourth to seventh centuries. These movements transformed the western Roman world and helped form later European societies.

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