Eustatic sea-level change

Eustatic sea-level change is a change in the average level of the global ocean, caused by changes in ocean-water volume or the capacity of ocean basins.

Thermal expansion: The increase in a substance’s volume as its temperature rises. Warming seawater expands, raising global mean sea level without adding water.
Mean sea level: The average height of the sea surface over a specified period and location. Eustatic change concerns the global average rather than a single coastal gauge.
Last Glacial Maximum: The interval of maximum global ice-sheet extent during the most recent ice age, about 26,000 to 19,000 years ago. Large volumes of water stored in ice left global sea level roughly 120 meters below today.
Epeirogenic movement: Broad, slow vertical movement of continental regions without substantial folding or faulting. Continental uplift or subsidence can alter basin geometry and complicate ancient sea-level estimates.
Coastal inundation: The flooding of normally dry coastal land by seawater. A rising global mean increases the baseline for coastal flooding, alongside tides and storms.
Glacial isostatic adjustment: The ongoing adjustment of Earth’s crust and mantle to past changes in ice-sheet loading. Its deformation of ocean basins can alter global mean sea level after ice melts.
Relative sea-level change: A change in sea height relative to the land at a particular location. It combines global ocean change with local vertical land motion.
Meltwater pulse 1A: A rapid rise in global sea level during deglaciation, around 14,600 years ago. It is a prominent example of abrupt ice-loss-driven eustatic rise.
Plate tectonics: The theory that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into moving plates. Plate motion changes ocean-basin shape and capacity over geological time.
Shoreline migration: The movement of the boundary between land and sea through time. Eustatic shifts move shorelines across low-gradient continental margins.

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