Evo Morales

Evo Morales is a Bolivian politician who served as president from 2006 to 2019. The country’s first Indigenous head of state, he rose from coca-growers’ union leadership to national power.

2009 Constitution of Bolivia: Bolivia’s constitution adopted in 2009, defining the country as a plurinational state and expanding Indigenous rights. It formalized the plurinational state central to Morales’s political project.
Aymara people: An Indigenous people of the Andes whose communities span Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. Morales identifies as Aymara, and Aymara identity informed his public symbolism.
Álvaro García Linera: Bolivian sociologist and politician who served as vice president under Evo Morales from 2006 to 2019. He was Morales’s principal governing partner and a key interpreter of the administration’s political project.
Bolivian constitutional referendum, 2016: A referendum in which Bolivian voters rejected a proposal to amend the constitution to permit another presidential term for Morales. Its result showed resistance to extending Morales’s eligibility beyond constitutional term limits.
Bolivian gas nationalization: Bolivia’s 2006 state takeover of control over natural-gas production and revenues. The decree became a defining early act of Morales’s government and financed social programs.
Coca growers: Farmers who cultivate coca, a traditional Andean crop used for chewing and ritual practices. Morales built his early political career organizing coca growers in Bolivia’s Chapare region.
Luis Arce: Bolivian economist and politician who succeeded Morales as president in 2020. A longtime economic minister in Morales’s government, he later became the Movement for Socialism’s presidential candidate.
Bolivian general election, 2019: Bolivia’s October 2019 election, whose disputed count and aftermath triggered a national political crisis. The election’s contested results became the immediate focus of disputes over Morales’s mandate.
Plurinational State of Bolivia: Bolivia’s constitutional model recognizing multiple Indigenous nations within one state. Morales’s government made plurinational identity a central principle of national governance.
Chapare: A tropical lowland region of central Bolivia known for coca cultivation and settlement by migrant farmers. Its coca-growing communities became the base of Morales’s union leadership.

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