Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology studies how the body responds to physical activity, from immediate changes during a bout to adaptations produced by repeated training.

Cardiac output: The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, determined by heart rate and stroke volume. It rises during exercise to deliver more blood to working tissues.
Skeletal muscle: Striated muscle attached to the skeleton that produces voluntary movement and stabilizes posture. Its fibers and recruitment patterns shape force, fatigue, and adaptation.
VO2 max: The highest rate of oxygen uptake attained during intense exercise. It is a common measure of maximal aerobic capacity.
Exercise biochemistry: The study of biochemical changes in tissues and fluids during and after exercise. It focuses more narrowly on molecular reactions within broader physiological responses.
Oxygen uptake: The rate at which the body takes up and uses oxygen, often measured during exercise. Its peak helps quantify the body's capacity for aerobic work.
Aerobic metabolism: Energy-producing pathways that use oxygen to generate ATP from fuels. It sustains prolonged activity by replenishing muscle energy.
Exercise testing: The measurement of physiological responses during controlled physical exertion. It applies exercise physiology to assess capacity and monitor responses.
Biomechanics: The study of forces and motion in biological systems. It analyzes movement mechanics rather than bodily responses to exertion.
Ventilatory threshold: An exercise intensity at which ventilation begins increasing disproportionately to oxygen uptake. It marks a physiological transition that helps describe endurance intensity.
Anaerobic metabolism: Energy-producing pathways that generate ATP without directly using oxygen. It contributes more as exercise intensity rises and rapid energy is needed.

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