Explosively formed penetrator

An explosively formed penetrator is a projectile created when an explosive charge deforms a metal liner into a compact, high-velocity body. It can travel farther through air than a shaped-charge jet and is used in specialized munitions.

Explosively formed projectile: A projectile formed when an explosive charge deforms a metal liner into a coherent body. This broader term includes penetrators designed to retain different shapes during flight.
Liner (explosive device): A shaped metal component placed next to an explosive charge to be deformed by detonation. Its material and geometry set the form of the resulting penetrator.
Improvised explosive device: A weapon assembled from components not originally manufactured as a conventional munition. Some improvised devices use explosively formed penetrators against vehicles.
Improvised explosive device in Iraq: A category of weapons used by insurgent groups during the Iraq War, including roadside bombs. Some attacks used explosively formed penetrators capable of threatening armored vehicles.
Shaped charge: An explosive device that uses a shaped cavity and liner to produce a high-speed penetrating jet. Its liner forms a stretching jet rather than a compact projectile.
Explosive welding: A solid-state welding process that joins metals through high-velocity impact driven by explosives. It illustrates how explosive acceleration can produce extreme metal deformation.
Anti-tank mine: A mine designed to damage or disable armored vehicles, commonly through blast or a shaped charge. Specialized mines can use an explosively formed penetrator to attack a vehicle at distance.
Vehicle armor: Protective structures fitted to vehicles to resist bullets, fragments, mines, and other threats. The penetrator’s armor-piercing role drives changes in vehicle protection.
Munroe effect: The concentration of explosive force produced by a cavity in an explosive charge. The cavity helps direct explosive energy into liner deformation.
Jet (shaped charge): A fast, elongated stream of liner material formed by a shaped-charge detonation. It is the alternative liner outcome most often contrasted with a compact penetrator.

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