Extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix is a network of molecules outside cells that provides tissue structure and biochemical cues. Its composition and organization vary among tissues and change as cells build, remodel, and sense it.

Collagen: A family of structural proteins that forms fibers and other assemblies in connective tissues. Collagen fibers provide tensile strength to many extracellular matrices.
Integrin: A family of cell-surface receptors that bind extracellular ligands and connect them to the cytoskeleton. Integrins let cells attach to matrix molecules and transmit mechanical and chemical signals.
Basement membrane: A thin, specialized extracellular matrix layer that supports and separates cell sheets and surrounds some cells. It is a distinct matrix form beneath epithelia and around blood vessels.
Interstitial matrix: The extracellular matrix occupying spaces between cells in connective and other tissues. It contrasts with the thin, sheet-like basement membrane in location and organization.
Elastin: A protein that gives tissues stretch and recoil through elastic fibers. Elastin lets matrix-rich tissues such as arteries and lungs recover after stretching.
Focal adhesion: A multiprotein structure that links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and signaling proteins. Focal adhesions organize the machinery through which cells sense and pull on the matrix.
Wound healing: The coordinated process by which damaged tissue is repaired and its barrier or function restored. Matrix deposition and remodeling guide cell migration and tissue repair after injury.
Cartilage: A connective tissue whose chondrocytes sit in a hydrated, matrix-rich material. Its dense proteoglycan and collagen matrix bears compression and gives cartilage its distinctive mechanics.
Proteoglycan: A core protein bearing glycosaminoglycan chains that bind water and interact with other matrix components. Proteoglycans hydrate the matrix and help regulate the movement of molecules through it.
Matrix metalloproteinase: A zinc-dependent enzyme family that cleaves extracellular proteins and other matrix components. These enzymes enable matrix remodeling during development, repair, and disease.

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