Extradition

Extradition is the formal surrender of a person by one jurisdiction to another for prosecution or punishment. It usually depends on treaties, domestic law, and judicial or executive procedures.

Extradition treaty: An agreement between jurisdictions establishing rules for surrendering people accused or convicted of crimes. Treaties commonly define which offenses qualify and what evidence a request must provide.
Jurisdiction: A legal authority to make decisions and enforce laws over people, places, or matters. Extradition coordinates competing jurisdictions without automatically transferring their legal authority.
Deportation: The removal of a noncitizen from a country under its immigration laws. Unlike extradition, deportation is an immigration measure, though it can deliver someone to face prosecution.
Soering v United Kingdom: A 1989 European Court of Human Rights case concerning extradition to face a risk of inhuman treatment. The judgment established that extradition could engage a state's human-rights obligations abroad.
Dual criminality: A principle requiring conduct to be criminal in both the requesting and requested jurisdictions. It can prevent surrender when the alleged conduct is not an offense in both places.
Asylum: Protection granted by a state to a person fleeing persecution in another country. An asylum claim can block or complicate surrender when persecution is feared.
Rendition: The transfer of a person from one jurisdiction to another, sometimes outside ordinary legal procedures. The term can cover transfers that lack extradition's formal safeguards or legal authorization.
Pinochet case: A series of British legal proceedings over Spain's request to extradite former Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet. The proceedings tested whether a former head of state could be surrendered for torture allegations.
Political offense exception: A rule allowing a jurisdiction to refuse extradition for certain politically motivated offenses. It limits surrender when prosecution appears tied to political opposition rather than ordinary crime.
Non-refoulement: A principle prohibiting the return of people to places where they face specified serious harms. It may bar extradition if transfer would expose someone to torture or persecution.

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