Fall of the Republic of Venice

The Venetian Republic ended in 1797 after Napoleon’s invasion forced its governing body to abdicate. The Treaty of Campo Formio transferred Venice and its former mainland territories to Austria.

Italian campaign of 1796–1797: A French military campaign in northern Italy that defeated Austrian and allied forces under Napoleon Bonaparte. French victories brought Napoleon’s army to Venice’s mainland frontier and made the republic vulnerable.
Venetian Republic: An independent maritime republic centered on Venice that lasted from the late seventh century until 1797. Its institutions and overseas empire were the political order dismantled in 1797.
Napoleon Bonaparte: A French military commander who led campaigns in Italy and later became emperor of the French. His military pressure and diplomatic decisions brought about Venice’s abdication and transfer.
Republic of San Marco: A short-lived republic established in Venice in 1848 during revolutions against Austrian rule. Its revival of Venetian republicanism drew on the political memory of the state lost in 1797.
Cisalpine Republic: A French-supported sister republic established in northern Italy in 1797 and reorganized in 1802. Unlike Venice’s transfer to Austria, much of its former mainland territory entered a French-aligned republic.
Veronese Easter: An uprising against French occupation in Verona in April 1797, suppressed by French forces. Napoleon cited the revolt, in which Venetian forces participated, as justification for coercing the republic.
Venetian oligarchy: A political system in which a hereditary patrician elite monopolized Venice’s highest offices and governing councils. Its restrictive institutions limited the republic’s ability to respond to military and political crises.
Ludovico Manin: The last Doge of Venice, who held office from 1789 until the republic ended in 1797. He presided over the final government and surrendered the dogal office when the Great Council dissolved.
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia: A Habsburg kingdom established in 1815 that joined Lombardy and Venetia under Austrian rule. It institutionalized Austrian control over Venice after the republic’s territories changed hands.
Republic of Genoa: An independent maritime republic centered on Genoa that ended in 1797 and was replaced by the Ligurian Republic. Genoa’s political transformation that year shows a different French-backed outcome for an Italian republic.

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