Fascism

Fascism is a far-right ultranationalist political movement that seeks national rebirth through authoritarian leadership, mass mobilization, and suppression of political opposition.

Palingenetic Ultranationalism: A form of ultranationalism centered on a myth of national decline followed by rebirth. This idea captures fascism’s promise to renew a supposedly humiliated nation.
Italian Fascism: The movement led by Benito Mussolini that established Italy’s fascist dictatorship. Italy’s movement supplied the name and an early model for fascism.
Adolf Hitler: The leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 until 1945. Hitler’s regime became the most consequential and genocidal fascist dictatorship.
Liberal Democracy: A political system combining competitive elections, civil liberties, and limits on government power. Fascism rejects pluralist competition and subordinates individual rights to the nation and state.
Holocaust: The systematic persecution and murder of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. Nazi racial ideology culminated in the Holocaust and the destruction of Jewish communities.
Leader Cult: The idealization of a political leader as uniquely embodying a people or nation. Fascist movements present the leader as the nation’s singular voice and protector.
Benito Mussolini: The Italian dictator who founded the National Fascist Party and ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini organized the first successful fascist movement and regime.
Giovanni Gentile: An Italian philosopher who helped formulate the intellectual foundations of fascist ideology. Gentile gave philosophical expression to the fascist ideal of an all-encompassing state.
Communism: A political and economic tradition seeking a classless society and collective ownership of productive resources. Fascists defined themselves against Marxist class politics and violently attacked communist organizations.
World War II: A global war fought from 1939 to 1945, involving the major world powers and causing tens of millions of deaths. Fascist aggression by Germany and its allies helped trigger and drive the war.

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