Feng Guozhang

Feng Guozhang (1859–1919) was a Chinese general and politician who served as president of the Republic of China from 1917 to 1918 and helped lead the Zhili clique.

Yuan Shikai: A Qing general who became president of the Republic of China and briefly proclaimed himself emperor. Feng served under Yuan in the Beiyang Army and rose within the political order Yuan built.
Beiyang Army: A modernized Chinese army formed under Qing rule that became a major power in the early Republic. Feng’s military career and political influence grew through this army.
Beiyang government: The central government of the Republic of China based in Beijing and dominated by Beiyang military leaders. Feng held the presidency within this government, whose authority depended on competing generals.
Constitutional Protection War: The 1917–1918 conflict between the Beijing government and forces defending the republic’s constitution in the south. The conflict unfolded during Feng’s presidency and deepened the country’s political division.
Duan Qirui: A Beiyang Army general and politician who led the Anhui clique and served as premier of China. Duan’s rivalry with Feng’s Zhili faction defined the struggle over the Beijing government.
New Army: Modernized military forces created by the Qing dynasty in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Feng entered the military during the reforms that produced China’s New Armies.
Northern Warlords: Military leaders and factions that dominated northern China’s politics after the Qing dynasty fell. Feng’s power rested on military networks rather than a unified national administration.
Beiyang era: The period from 1912 to 1928 when Beiyang military factions controlled the Beijing government. Feng’s presidency was one episode in this era of shifting military coalitions.
Cao Kun: A Beiyang Army general and politician who became president of China in 1923. Cao became Feng’s leading successor in the Zhili clique.
Wuchang Uprising: The 1911 revolt in Wuchang that triggered the Xinhai Revolution and the end of Qing rule. The uprising propelled Beiyang commanders such as Feng into the new republican order.

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