Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I was king of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death in 1825, after ruling Naples and Sicily separately as Ferdinand IV and Ferdinand III.

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies: A southern Italian kingdom formed in 1816 by joining the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Ferdinand adopted this kingdom's unified title in 1816.
Neapolitan Revolution of 1820: A revolt in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies that forced Ferdinand to grant a constitution in 1820. The uprising confronted Ferdinand with a constitutional movement during his reign.
Caroline of Austria: An Austrian archduchess who married Ferdinand IV of Naples and wielded political influence in the kingdom. Ferdinand's first wife was a forceful political partner during his earlier reign.
Kingdom of Sicily (1816–1817): The brief constitutional kingdom created in Sicily in 1816 before its institutions were absorbed into the Two Sicilies. Its abolition followed Ferdinand's union of the separate crowns.
Kingdom of Naples: A southern Italian kingdom centered on Naples that existed in several political forms until Italian unification. Ferdinand ruled it as Ferdinand IV before the 1816 union.
Spanish Constitution of 1812: A liberal constitution adopted by Spain's Cortes in 1812 and restored in 1820. Neapolitan revolutionaries demanded this constitution as a model.
Maria Carolina of Savoy: A princess of Savoy who became Ferdinand's second wife in 1814. She married Ferdinand shortly before the restoration of his rule in Naples.
Sicilian Vespers of 1820: A wave of anti-Neapolitan violence in Palermo during the Sicilian revolution of 1820. The violence marked the depth of opposition to Ferdinand's centralized rule.
Kingdom of Sicily: A kingdom based on Sicily that also governed parts of southern Italy at different points in its history. Ferdinand ruled Sicily separately as Ferdinand III before the union.
Congress of Laibach: An 1821 congress where European powers authorized Austrian intervention against revolution in Naples. Ferdinand appealed to the powers, which backed intervention against his revolutionaries.

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