Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade was a campaign launched in 1217 to conquer Egypt and recover Jerusalem. It ended in 1221 after crusaders surrendered Damietta and retreated from al-Mansurah.

Siege of Damietta (1218–1219): A prolonged crusader siege that captured the Egyptian port of Damietta in November 1219. The capture seemed to open Egypt to conquest, but the crusaders delayed their advance.
Fourth Lateran Council: A major 1215 church council convened by Pope Innocent III in Rome. Its call for a new crusade helped organize the expedition that began in 1217.
Pelagius of Albano: A papal legate who led the Fifth Crusade’s forces in Egypt from 1218. His insistence on advancing inland helped bring the crusader army into danger in 1221.
Treaty of al-Kamil and Frederick II: A 1229 agreement through which al-Kamil ceded Jerusalem and nearby territory to Frederick II. Its diplomatic recovery of Jerusalem contrasted with the Fifth Crusade’s failed military approach to Egypt.
Battle of al-Mansurah (1221): A 1221 battle in which Ayyubid forces checked the crusader advance near al-Mansurah in Egypt. The crusaders’ stalled advance left their army exposed to flooding and encirclement.
Innocent III: Pope from 1198 to 1216 who expanded papal authority and promoted crusading. He summoned the council and preached the campaign, though it began after his death.
John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and a leading participant in the Fifth Crusade. He opposed Pelagius’s leadership and argued against the advance toward Cairo.
Sixth Crusade: A crusade led by Frederick II that secured Jerusalem through negotiation in 1229. It pursued the same broad goal by diplomacy after the Fifth Crusade’s defeat.
Nile River: A major river flowing north through northeastern Africa into the Mediterranean Sea. The crusaders’ inland movement along the Nile became perilous when its waters rose.
Quia maior: A papal encyclical issued by Innocent III in 1213 urging a new crusade. It supplied an early call and framework for the campaign later authorized at the council.

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