Filioque

The Filioque is a Latin clause in the Western form of the Nicene Creed stating that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. Its addition became a major theological and ecclesial dispute between Eastern and Western Christianity.

Great Schism: The conventional name for the enduring separation between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, dated to 1054. The Filioque dispute contributed to the doctrinal tensions surrounding the separation.
Nicene Creed: A Christian statement of faith first formulated at the Council of Nicaea in 325 and expanded at Constantinople in 381. The Filioque is an addition to its article about the Holy Spirit.
First Council of Nicaea: A church council held in 325 that addressed Arianism and produced an early form of the Nicene Creed. Its creed confessed the Holy Spirit without the later Filioque clause.
Greek form of the Nicene Creed: The Greek text of the creed finalized at Constantinople in 381, stating that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father. It lacks the Latin clause and preserves the wording challenged by Western adoption.
Eastern Orthodox Church: A communion of Christian churches sharing Byzantine liturgy and theology, organized without a single universal bishop. Orthodox objections to the clause remain central to its rejection in Eastern liturgy.
Trinity: The Christian doctrine that God is one being in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The clause concerns the relations among the three persons of the Trinity.
First Council of Constantinople: A church council held in 381 that reaffirmed the Nicene faith and expanded its creed’s account of the Holy Spirit. Its creed stated that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, the wording disputed after the Latin addition.
Latin form of the Nicene Creed: The Western Latin text of the Nicene Creed, traditionally recited with the phrase “and the Son” in its article on the Spirit. Its wording makes explicit the claim at the heart of the controversy.
Roman Catholic Church: The Christian church in communion with the bishop of Rome, whose authority it recognizes as universal. The Latin church adopted and defended the clause in its creed.
Procession of the Holy Spirit: Theological language for the Spirit’s eternal origin within the life of the Trinity. The Filioque specifies the Son’s role in this relation.

Linked from 16 pages