Filipino nationalism

Filipino nationalism is a political movement asserting a shared Filipino identity and seeking self-government or independence. It developed under Spanish colonial rule and later shaped resistance to American rule.

Propaganda Movement: A late nineteenth-century campaign by Filipino reformists seeking political and social change under Spanish rule. Its writers connected colonial grievances across regions and called for Filipino representation.
Noli Me Tángere: José Rizal’s 1887 novel depicting abuses and social tensions in the Spanish Philippines. Its fictional characters exposed structures that reformists sought to change.
Philippine-American War: An armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States from 1899 to 1902. It followed the republic’s declaration of independence with a new struggle against colonial rule.
First Philippine Republic: The revolutionary government proclaimed in 1899 and led by Emilio Aguinaldo. It was the movement’s first sustained attempt to govern an independent Philippine nation.
La Solidaridad: A newspaper published by Filipino reformists in Spain from 1889 to 1895. Its essays carried reformist arguments to readers in Spain and the Philippines.
El Filibusterismo: José Rizal’s 1891 novel about colonial injustice and the consequences of failed reform. Its darker vision sharpened debate over reform and revolutionary resistance.
Philippine Autonomy Act: A 1916 United States law that promised eventual Philippine independence and expanded local self-government. It offered gradual autonomy in place of immediate independence.
Philippine national identity: A sense of belonging to the Philippines shaped by shared history, institutions, languages, and cultural practices. It is the collective identity the nationalist movement sought to articulate.
José Rizal: A Filipino writer and reformist whose novels criticized Spanish colonial society. His writing helped turn colonial abuses into a shared political concern.
Andres Bonifacio: A Filipino revolutionary who helped found the Katipunan and led its early struggle against Spain. He organized a popular revolutionary alternative to reformist politics.

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