Fire lance

A medieval Chinese gunpowder weapon consisting of a tube mounted on a spear or pole. It projected flames and, in some forms, pellets or other projectiles.

Gunpowder: An explosive mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur used in early firearms and pyrotechnics. Burning gunpowder produced the jet of flame and propelled the weapon’s added projectiles.
Song dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279. Fire lances emerged in the military setting of Song China.
Spear: A pole weapon with a pointed head, designed for thrusting or throwing. The fire lance retained the spear’s pole-mounted form while adding a gunpowder tube.
Hand cannon: An early firearm consisting of a metal barrel ignited by a touch hole and held or mounted for firing. Replacing the fire lance’s flame-producing tube with a projectile-focused barrel led toward hand cannons.
Bamboo tube: A hollow cylinder made from bamboo, used as a container or conduit. Early fire lances used bamboo tubes to direct burning fuel and particles toward a target.
Jin–Song Wars: A series of conflicts between the Jin dynasty and Song dynasty from the twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Accounts of fire-lance use belong to the era of warfare between these states.
Fire arrow: An arrow carrying an incendiary material, launched by a bow or other projectile weapon. Unlike a fire arrow, the fire lance projected flame directly from a tube held at close range.
Ming dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644. Fire-lance traditions continued into the era when Chinese firearms diversified and became more standardized.
Incendiary weapon: A weapon designed to ignite fires or cause injury through heat and burning material. The fire lance’s original effect came from projecting flame rather than reliably firing a bullet.
Wujing Zongyao: An 11th-century Chinese military compendium that recorded weapons, fortifications, and military practices. Its gunpowder recipes document the technical tradition from which fire-lance weapons developed.

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