First Anglo-Sikh War

The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company from 1845 to 1846. Sikh defeat led to the Treaty of Lahore and major British influence over Punjab.

Sikh Empire: A kingdom in the Punjab region founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and ruled from Lahore from 1799 to 1849. Its weakening central authority and conflict with the Company framed the war.
Battle of Mudki: A battle fought between Sikh and Company forces near Mudki on 18 December 1845. The first major engagement followed the Sikh crossing of the Sutlej.
Henry Hardinge: A British soldier and colonial administrator who served as governor-general of India from 1844 to 1848. He directed Company policy during the war and negotiated its settlement with the Sikh court.
Treaty of Bhairowal: An agreement signed in December 1846 that established a British regency over the Sikh state during Duleep Singh’s minority. It extended the Company’s control beyond the terms initially imposed at Lahore.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Sikh ruler who unified much of Punjab and founded the Sikh Empire in the early nineteenth century. His death in 1839 began a succession crisis that destabilized the empire before war.
Battle of Ferozeshah: A major battle fought on 21–22 December 1845 between Sikh and Company forces near Ferozeshah. Its severe losses on both sides exposed the war’s uncertainty and the effects of disputed command.
Hugh Gough: A British army officer who commanded Company forces in India during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars. His battlefield command shaped the costly engagements at Mudki and Ferozeshah.
Jammu and Kashmir: A Himalayan region whose princely state was founded under Dogra rule in 1846. The Treaty of Amritsar transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh after its separation from Sikh territory.
Khalsa Army: The Sikh Empire’s regular army, expanded and reorganized under Ranjit Singh. Its growing power and position across the Sutlej shaped British fears and Sikh policy.
Battle of Aliwal: A British victory over a Sikh force near Aliwal on 28 January 1846. The defeat weakened Sikh positions on the southern side of the Sutlej.

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Ranjit SinghRelated: It followed years of succession crises and weakened the state Ranjit Singh had founded.