First Battle of Panipat

The 1526 battle in which Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi near Panipat, ending the Delhi Sultanate’s Lodi dynasty and opening the way for Mughal rule in northern India.

Tulughma: A cavalry tactic that divided an army into wings tasked with enveloping the enemy’s flanks. Babur used coordinated flanking movements to exploit the Lodi army’s formation.
Babur: A Central Asian ruler who founded the Mughal Empire after conquering northern India in 1526. His command and military innovations secured victory at Panipat.
Lodi dynasty: An Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 until Babur’s conquest in 1526. Ibrahim Lodi’s defeat ended this dynasty’s rule.
Mughal Empire: An empire founded by Babur in northern India in 1526 and ruled by his descendants until the nineteenth century. The victory at Panipat enabled Babur to establish this empire.
Ottoman gunpowder warfare: Military practices combining field artillery, firearms, infantry, and coordinated battlefield tactics in Ottoman armies. Babur’s use of guns and battlefield organization drew on techniques associated with Ottoman warfare.
Daulat Khan Lodi: A governor of Punjab who opposed Ibrahim Lodi and invited Babur to intervene in northern India. His invitation helped bring Babur into the political conflict preceding the battle.
Delhi Sultanate: A succession of Muslim dynasties that ruled much of northern India from Delhi between 1206 and 1526. The battle brought the Delhi Sultanate’s final ruling dynasty to an end.
Humayun: The second Mughal emperor, who succeeded his father Babur in 1530. His succession carried forward the dynasty founded after the battle.
Field artillery: Artillery designed to move with an army and fire against forces or positions on a battlefield. Babur positioned cannon to disrupt the Lodi advance and support his defensive line.
Alam Khan Lodi: A member of the Lodi dynasty who challenged Ibrahim Lodi’s rule and sought Babur’s support. His dynastic claim was part of the factional struggle that enabled Babur’s campaign.

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