First Brazilian Republic

Brazil’s first republican period lasted from the 1889 overthrow of the monarchy to the 1930 Revolution. It was marked by federalism, regional oligarchies, and recurring military and popular challenges.

Constitution of 1891: Brazil’s first republican constitution established a federal presidential republic in 1891. It defined the federal framework through which the republic’s states and national government competed.
Empire of Brazil: The constitutional monarchy that governed Brazil from independence in 1822 until the 1889 republican coup. The First Republic replaced this imperial state and its political institutions.
Federalist Revolution: A civil war in Rio Grande do Sul and neighboring areas from 1893 to 1895. It tested the new republic’s ability to contain regional armed opposition.
Prudente de Morais: A Brazilian politician who became the first civilian president of Brazil in 1894. His election marked the transition from initial military rule to civilian oligarchic government.
Vargas Era: A period of Brazilian history beginning in 1930, when Getúlio Vargas led a centralized government. It followed the First Republic and replaced its federal oligarchic order.
Coronelismo: A system of local political power in Brazil built on landholding, patronage, and personal influence. Local bosses mobilized votes and enforced elite control under the republic’s limited electoral system.
Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil): The 15 November 1889 coup that ended Brazil’s monarchy and established a republic. It marks the period’s beginning and the decisive removal of Pedro II.
War of Canudos: A conflict from 1896 to 1897 between Brazil’s army and a rural religious settlement in Bahia. Its brutal suppression exposed tensions between the coastal republic and impoverished hinterlands.
Campos Sales: Brazilian president from 1898 to 1902 who helped consolidate the federal government’s alliance with state oligarchies. His governing arrangements became a model for elite control during the republic.
Brazilian Revolution of 1930: A commonly used name for the 1930 overthrow that ended Brazil’s First Republic and brought Getúlio Vargas to power. This name highlights the regime change that defines the republic’s endpoint.

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