First Czechoslovak Republic

The democratic Czechoslovak state established in 1918, comprising Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. It ended amid German expansion and occupation in 1938–1939.

Czechoslovak National Council: An émigré political organization that coordinated Czechoslovak independence efforts during the First World War. It organized diplomacy abroad and helped secure Allied support for the state’s creation.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia (1920): The constitution adopted in 1920 that established Czechoslovakia as a parliamentary democratic republic. It defined the republic’s institutions, citizenship, and formal unitary structure.
Edvard Beneš: A Czechoslovak diplomat and politician who served as foreign minister and later president. He directed much of the republic’s diplomacy and succeeded Masaryk as president.
Second Czechoslovak Republic: The truncated Czechoslovak state that existed from October 1938 until German occupation in March 1939. It followed the Munich Agreement and sharply curtailed the first republic’s democratic order.
German occupation of Czechoslovakia: The German military occupation of the Czech lands beginning in March 1939. It ended the remaining Czechoslovak state and established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk: A Czech philosopher and politician who became Czechoslovakia’s first president. His leadership and diplomacy shaped the independence movement and the new republic.
National Assembly of Czechoslovakia: The bicameral parliament of interwar Czechoslovakia, comprising a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. It made laws and represented the republic’s electorate within the parliamentary system.
Andrej Hlinka: A Slovak Catholic priest and nationalist politician who led the Slovak People's Party. His campaign for Slovak autonomy challenged the republic’s centralized constitutional order.
Sudeten German Party: A German nationalist party in Czechoslovakia that demanded autonomy and later sought union with Nazi Germany. Its rise exposed how a legal mass party could undermine the republic under foreign direction.
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia: A German-controlled territory established in the Czech lands in March 1939 and dissolved in 1945. It replaced the republic’s Czech core with direct Nazi rule.

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