First Nagorno-Karabakh War

An armed conflict between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces over Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territories, ending in a Russian-brokered ceasefire in May 1994.

Nagorno-Karabakh: A mountainous region in the South Caucasus, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan and historically populated largely by Armenians. Its status was the central dispute that drove the war.
Armenian forces: Armenian military and volunteer formations that fought Azerbaijani forces during the war. Their campaigns secured Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territory.
Battle of Kelbajar: The April 1993 capture of the Azerbaijani district of Kelbajar by Armenian forces. The offensive expanded the war beyond Nagorno-Karabakh and prompted international condemnation.
Bishkek Protocol: A May 1994 agreement calling for a ceasefire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. It provided the basis for the ceasefire that ended the war’s main phase.
Robert Kocharyan: An Armenian political leader who headed Nagorno-Karabakh during the war and later became president of Armenia. He led the de facto authorities during a decisive period of the conflict.
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast: An autonomous administrative region within Soviet Azerbaijan from 1923 until the Soviet Union dissolved. Its borders and political status framed the dispute before fighting began.
Azerbaijani Armed Forces: The military forces of Azerbaijan, formed during the country’s transition to independence. Their operations sought to retain or regain control of disputed areas.
Battle of Agdam: The July 1993 capture of the Azerbaijani city of Agdam by Armenian forces. Its fall added a major surrounding district to Armenian-held territory.
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: A self-declared Armenian-majority state established in Nagorno-Karabakh and unrecognized internationally. Its institutions governed the territory after the ceasefire, without international recognition.
Heydar Aliyev: An Azerbaijani political leader who became president in 1993 and governed through the ceasefire period. His government negotiated while Azerbaijan faced major military losses.

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