First Peloponnesian War

A conflict between Athens and Sparta, with their allies, fought intermittently from about 460 to 445 BCE. It ended with the Thirty Years’ Peace.

Battle of Tanagra: A major battle in 457 BCE in which Sparta defeated Athens and its allies in Boeotia. The battle was a major early land confrontation, but it did not end Athenian power.
Delian League: An alliance led by Athens, formed in 478/477 BCE to continue the war against Persia. Its growing Athenian control gave Sparta and its allies reason to fear Athens’s power.
Athenian Empire: The network of allied Greek communities increasingly controlled by Athens after the Persian Wars. The war’s outcome constrained, but did not dismantle, Athenian imperial power.
Peloponnesian War: The major war between Athens and Sparta and their allies, fought from 431 to 404 BCE. Unlike the earlier conflict, this war ended in Sparta’s victory and Athens’s surrender.
Battle of Oenophyta: An Athenian victory in 457 BCE that brought much of Boeotia under Athenian influence. Athens reversed the setback at Tanagra and expanded its influence in central Greece.
Peloponnesian League: A network of alliances led by Sparta among city-states in the Peloponnese and beyond. Sparta’s alliance system supplied the opposing coalition in the conflict.
Long Walls: Fortifications connecting Athens to its ports at Phalerum and Piraeus, allowing access to the sea during siege. Their construction strengthened Athens’s ability to withstand land pressure during the conflict.
Greco-Persian Wars: A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, especially from 499 to 449 BCE. These wars pitted Greek states against Persia rather than Athens against Sparta.
Battle of Coronea: A 447 BCE battle in which a Boeotian force defeated Athens and ended its control over Boeotia. This defeat marked a sharp reversal of Athens’s mainland position.
Megara: An ancient Greek city-state on the Isthmus of Corinth, strategically placed between Athens and the Peloponnese. Megara’s alliance with Athens brought Athenian forces into a region vital to Corinth and Sparta.

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CimonRelated: It unfolded as Cimon’s policy of cooperation with Sparta lost influence in Athens.