First Persian invasion of Greece

The Achaemenid campaign against Greek communities in 492–490 BC, launched after the Ionian Revolt and ended by the Persian defeat at Marathon.

Ionian Revolt: A rebellion of Greek cities in western Anatolia against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. Its suppression prompted Darius I to punish Athens and Eretria for supporting the rebels.
Darius I: Achaemenid king of Persia from 522 to 486 BC, under whose rule the empire reached its greatest early extent. He ordered the campaign and sought submission from Greek states after the Ionian Revolt.
Miltiades: An Athenian general who helped lead the Greek forces at Marathon in 490 BC. His advocacy of battle at Marathon and command there made him central to the Greek victory.
Greco-Persian Wars: A series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek states from the Ionian Revolt through the fifth century BC. The invasion opened the wars’ direct Persian campaigns against mainland Greece.
Mardonius: A Persian commander and son-in-law of Darius I who led the 492 BC expedition toward Greece. His campaign subordinated Macedonia but was curtailed after a storm wrecked part of the fleet.
Achaemenid Empire: The first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great and ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty from the sixth to fourth centuries BC. The invasion was an imperial campaign to extend or secure Achaemenid authority across the Aegean.
Callimachus of Aphidnae: An Athenian polemarch who held the senior military magistracy during the Battle of Marathon. His vote helped decide that the Athenians would fight the Persian army.
Second Persian invasion of Greece: Xerxes I’s invasion of Greece in 480–479 BC, involving a much larger Persian force than the 490 BC expedition. It renewed the conflict a decade later with a different scale and outcome.
Datis: A Median commander who led the Persian expedition across the Aegean in 490 BC. He commanded the force that captured Eretria and landed at Marathon.
Cyrus the Great: The founder of the Achaemenid Empire, who conquered the Median, Lydian, and Babylonian kingdoms. His conquests brought the Greek cities of Ionia under Persian rule, setting the stage for revolt.

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