First Republic of Armenia

The First Republic of Armenia was an independent Armenian state centered on Yerevan from 1918 to 1920, formed amid the collapse of the Russian Empire and Ottoman rule.

Armenian Genocide: The mass deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Survivors and refugees shaped the republic’s population and urgent humanitarian needs.
Armenian Revolutionary Federation: An Armenian political party founded in 1890 that combined nationalism with socialist influences. The party led the republic’s governing coalition through most of its brief existence.
Treaty of Sèvres: A 1920 peace treaty between the Allied powers and the Ottoman Empire that proposed major territorial changes. Its proposed Armenian boundaries contrasted sharply with the republic’s shrinking control on the ground.
Democratic Republic of Georgia: An independent Georgian state that existed from 1918 to 1921. Its longer independence highlights a neighboring republic’s different survival conditions.
Russian Revolution: The upheavals of 1917 that ended the Russian monarchy and brought the Bolsheviks to power. The revolution weakened Russian authority in the Caucasus and opened a path to Armenian independence.
Hovhannes Katchaznouni: An Armenian architect and political leader who served as the republic’s first prime minister. His government confronted the immediate tasks of administration, displacement, and survival.
Turkish–Armenian War: The 1920 war between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish national movement. Military defeat accelerated the republic’s collapse and forced a settlement with Turkey.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic: An independent Azerbaijani state that existed from 1918 to 1920. Its territorial claims and conflicts with Armenia formed part of the same unstable regional order.
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic: A short-lived federation of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia that existed in 1918. Its dissolution immediately preceded Armenia’s declaration of independence.
Armenian Parliament: The legislature of the First Republic of Armenia, established in 1918. It provided a parliamentary framework for the new state’s contested political decisions.

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