First Saudi State

An emirate centered on Diriyah that existed from 1744 until its destruction by Egyptian-led Ottoman forces in 1818. Its rulers allied with the religious reform movement of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

Diriyah: A town in Najd that served as the capital of the First Saudi State. Its rulers and political institutions made Diriyah the state’s center.
Turki ibn Abdullah: The founder of the Second Saudi State, who recaptured Riyadh in 1824 after the fall of Diriyah. His later restoration of Saudi rule followed the First State’s destruction.
Ottoman–Saudi War: A conflict from 1811 to 1818 in which Ottoman-Egyptian forces fought the First Saudi State. The war ended with the capture of Diriyah and the state’s destruction.
Ottoman Empire: A dynastic empire that ruled much of the Middle East, North Africa, and southeastern Europe from the fourteenth to the twentieth century. Ottoman authority and claims in Arabia collided with the expanding Saudi state.
Muhammad ibn Saud: The ruler of Diriyah who founded the First Saudi State in the mid-eighteenth century. His alliance with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab is conventionally dated to 1744.
Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad: The third ruler of the First Saudi State, whose reign saw its greatest territorial expansion. His campaigns carried the state’s authority beyond Najd into the Hijaz and Iraq.
Ibrahim Pasha: An Egyptian commander who led the campaign that captured Diriyah in 1818. His army besieged the capital and defeated the First Saudi State.
Egypt Eyalet: An Ottoman province based in Egypt, governed by Muhammad Ali Pasha during the early nineteenth century. Its army carried out the campaign that destroyed the state on the Ottoman sultan’s behalf.
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab: An Islamic scholar whose reform movement called for strict adherence to tawhid and the Quran and Sunnah. His alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud supplied the state’s religious program.
Uthman al-Mudayfi: A military commander who led Saudi campaigns in the Hijaz during the early nineteenth century. His campaigns helped extend the state’s power into western Arabia.

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