First Sudanese Civil War

The First Sudanese Civil War was a conflict between Sudan’s government and southern insurgents from 1955 to 1972. It ended with the Addis Ababa Agreement, which granted southern Sudan regional autonomy.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A condominium administered by Britain and Egypt from 1899 until Sudanese independence in 1956. Colonial administration developed sharply different political and educational systems in northern and southern Sudan.
Sudanese Armed Forces: Sudan’s national military, established after independence from Anglo-Egyptian rule. Government forces fought the southern insurgency and conducted counterinsurgency operations.
Joseph Lagu: A southern Sudanese military leader who commanded Anya-Nya and led the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement. He brought much of the insurgency under a unified political and military leadership.
High Executive Council: The executive body that governed southern Sudan under the regional autonomy established in 1972. It embodied the agreement’s promise of self-government within a unified Sudan.
Sudanese independence: Sudan became an independent republic on 1 January 1956 after the end of Anglo-Egyptian rule. Independence transferred power to a state whose institutions were dominated by northern elites.
Southern Sudanese refugees: People displaced from southern Sudan who sought refuge in neighboring countries or elsewhere in Sudan. Fighting and repression drove civilians across borders and disrupted southern communities.
Abel Alier: A southern Sudanese politician who became president of the High Executive Council under regional autonomy. He helped lead southern institutions established by the peace settlement.
Southern Sudan Autonomous Region: The autonomous region created in southern Sudan under the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement. Its institutions gave the peace settlement a territorial and administrative form.
Sudanization: The transfer of administrative and military positions from British officials to Sudanese personnel before independence. The limited appointment of southerners to senior posts intensified southern fears of exclusion.
Sudanese Communist Party: A Sudanese political party founded in the 1940s that became one of the country’s influential left-wing organizations. Its political influence and the 1971 coup attempt formed part of the national instability surrounding the war’s final phase.

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