Fissure eruption

A volcanic eruption in which magma reaches the surface along an elongated crack rather than a single central vent. It can produce long lava flows and extensive basalt plateaus.

Dike (geology): A sheetlike body of magma that cuts across existing rock layers. Dikes can propagate upward and supply magma to an erupting fissure.
Laki: A volcanic fissure in Iceland whose 1783–1784 eruption produced extensive lava and atmospheric pollution. Its long fissure and far-reaching consequences are a classic example of the eruption type.
Flood basalt: A thick, widespread accumulation of basaltic lava formed by repeated, high-volume eruptions. Repeated fissure eruptions can produce the lava sheets that define flood-basalt provinces.
Central vent eruption: A volcanic eruption in which magma reaches the surface through a localized central opening. It contrasts with the elongated, distributed vents characteristic of fissure eruptions.
Magma: Molten or partially molten rock beneath Earth's surface, containing crystals and dissolved gases. Magma rising through the crust is the material expelled by fissure eruptions.
Holuhraun: A lava field in Iceland formed by a major fissure eruption in 2014–2015. Its monitored eruption documented magma transport and prolonged lava discharge.
Lava tube: A natural conduit formed when the surface of a lava flow solidifies while molten lava continues beneath it. Long-lived fissure-fed flows can develop tubes that carry lava far from vents.
Shield volcano: A broad, gently sloping volcano built mainly from fluid lava flows. Its shape often reflects repeated effusive eruptions, including activity along rift-zone fissures.
Lava fountain: A jet or spray of molten lava expelled above a volcanic vent. High fountains commonly form where vigorous discharge issues from fissure segments.
Kīlauea: An active shield volcano on Hawaiʻi Island known for frequent basaltic eruptions. Its 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption opened a long fissure system.

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