Fissure vent

A fissure vent is a linear opening in Earth’s surface through which lava, volcanic gases, and sometimes ash erupt. It can produce extensive lava flows without building a central cone.

Dike (geology): A sheetlike body of magma that cuts across existing rock layers. Dikes can reach the surface and feed the elongated openings that erupt as fissures.
Laki: A volcanic fissure system in Iceland that produced a major eruption in 1783–1784. Its eruption illustrates the vast lava output and atmospheric effects possible from a fissure.
Volcanic vent: An opening through which volcanic material reaches Earth’s surface. A fissure vent is an elongated form of this broader volcanic outlet.
Central vent: A localized volcanic outlet that erupts from a central point or summit crater. Unlike a central vent, a fissure distributes eruption along a linear opening.
Magma: Molten or partially molten rock beneath Earth’s surface, often containing dissolved gases and crystals. Its ascent supplies the material expelled through a fissure.
Holuhraun eruption: An Icelandic fissure eruption that produced a large lava field from 2014 to 2015. It is a well-documented modern example of prolonged fissure-fed lava effusion.
Rift zone: An elongated region where Earth’s crust is being stretched and fractured. Fissure vents often align with rift zones as the crust pulls apart.
Lava dome: A steep-sided mound formed when viscous lava accumulates near a volcanic vent. Dome growth concentrates viscous lava near an outlet rather than spreading it along a crack.
Decompression melting: Melting caused when hot mantle rock rises and pressure falls without substantial heat gain. It generates magma beneath many rift-related fissure eruptions.
Kīlauea: An active shield volcano on Hawaiʻi Island known for frequent eruptions and extensive lava flows. Its rift zones host fissure eruptions that can extend well beyond the summit.

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